Horseback riding is a beloved pastime for individuals of all ages. In the U.S., it is estimated that more than 19 million people aged 16 or older participate in horse-related activities (Thomas et al., 2006). This sport, while thrilling, involves two species working together, with the rider typically 9 to 12 feet off the ground. This combination can create a hazardous environment, as accidents are likely when the rider and horse are not in sync, or if the horse reacts unexpectedly. Despite fewer participants compared to other sports, horseback riding is the eighth leading cause of emergency room-treated sports and recreation-related injuries among female participants (Thomas, 2006). It has been identified as more dangerous than automobile racing, motorcycle riding, football, and skiing, and is at least as risky as rugby (Ball et al., 2007).

The Dangers of Horseback Riding

Injuries in horseback riding can occur regardless of age or experience level. Approximately 70,000 people are treated in emergency rooms annually due to equestrian-related injuries, with thousands more treated in physicians’ offices. Most injuries result from falls caused by bucking, bolting, shying, or spooking horses. Head injuries are the most common reason for hospital admissions and fatalities among riders (Yurgil, 2004; Norwood, 2000). Norwood (2000) found that of large-animal injuries registered by trauma units, 55 percent were attributed to horses, with 32 percent involving the brain and head. Injury rates for females peak at 10-14 years of age and again between 35-44 years, partly due to the higher number of females involved in horse activities. Many accidents stem from the misunderstanding that a horse’s instincts cannot be completely overcome with training. A horse remains an unpredictable animal (Strickland, 2000).

Steps to Reduce Head Injuries

Helmet use in various sports, such as biking, skateboarding, and skiing, has become mainstream. In English riding styles, helmet use is more common compared to Western riding. Many western riders view helmets as unnecessary and uncomfortable, though there has been an increase in helmet use among bronc and bull riders. The NHSRA rulebook requires protective vests and mouthpieces during rough stock events, though rodeo-specific helmets are not mandatory.

Protective headgear, proper apparel, and adequate training in handling and caring for horses can significantly reduce accident incidence and severity (Mayberry et al., 2007). The United States Pony Club mandated ASTM-certified helmets in 1990, leading to a 26 percent decline in head injuries, 62 percent in face injuries, and 29 percent in concussions over two years (Nelson et al., 1994). A study from 1971 to 1991 showed head injury-related hospital admissions dropped from 66 percent to 26 percent, primarily due to improved helmet design (Moss et al., 2002). While helmets do not prevent all horse-related injuries, educating riders on the benefits of ASTM or SEI-approved helmets, and proper fitting and wearing techniques, is crucial.

The Importance of a Proper Helmet Fit

Historically, helmets were often uncomfortable, hot, and poorly fitting, leading many riders to avoid them. However, recent advancements, such as ventilation, lighter weight, and adjustable chin straps, have made helmets safer and more comfortable. More Western-styled helmets are also being developed for riders seeking safety with a Western look.

Every rider should have a helmet that fits properly for maximum safety. Equestrian helmets should not be shared among riders and should be replaced after five years or following a major impact. Proper fit ensures continued protection.

Helmet Certification

When purchasing an equestrian helmet, look for ASTM and SEI certifications. These certifications ensure the helmet complies with basic safety regulations. Helmets lacking these certifications may offer sub-standard protection.

Equestrian helmets differ from bicycle and motorcycle helmets as they are designed to protect more of the rider’s head without interfering with sight or balance. They are specifically made to reduce penetration by blunt objects, such as a horse’s hoof, and to absorb impact from falls. Bicycle and motorcycle helmets do not provide the same level of flexibility and safety.

Finding the Right Helmet Size

Equestrian helmets come in various sizes and styles. To find a properly fitting helmet, measure the circumference of your head at its widest part, approximately one inch above the eyebrows (Figure 1). This measurement corresponds to the helmet size.

Helmet styles and brands vary, so trying on helmets before purchase is recommended. The helmet should fit around the entire head with the visor level just above the eyebrows (not more than 1.5 inches above). The chin strap should touch the skin under the chin, not hang loose, and the suspension and chin straps should not pinch the ears.

A properly fitting helmet should stay in place during vigorous head movement. If it slides, a smaller size is needed. If it causes discomfort, a larger size is warranted. Hair should be pulled back into a low ponytail, not under the helmet.

Conclusion

Injuries are part of working with or riding horses, making safety equipment crucial for equestrians’ well-being. Helmets are a simple and effective way to decrease the number of head injuries associated with falls. Youth should especially adopt this safety measure. An ASTM or SEI-approved helmet, properly fitted, can significantly reduce the incidence of serious head injuries. Ensuring the helmet is certified, snug, and comfortable will encourage maximum wear and protection.

Sources

• C.G. Ball, J.E. Ball, A.W. Kirkpatrick, and R.H. Mulloy, Equestrian injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years of major traumatic injuries, Am. J of Surgery 193(2007), 636-640.
• J.C. Mayberry, T.E. Pearson, and K.J. Wiger, Equestrian injury prevention efforts need more attention to novice riders, J. of Trauma 62(2007), 735-39.
• P.S. Moss, A. Wan and M.R. Whitlock, A changing pattern of injuries to horse riders, Emerg Med J 19(2002), 412-414.
• D.E. Nelson, F.P. Rivara, and C. Condie, Helmets and horseback riders, Am J Prev Med 10(1994), 16-19.
• S. Norwood, C. McAuley, V.L. Villina, L.G. Luis, J.W. McLarty, and G. Goodfried, Mechanisms and patterns of injuries related to large animals., J. of Trauma 48(2000), 740-744.
• C. Strickland, Equine-related human injuries, thehorse.com October 2000 Article# 109. www.thehorse.com/View/Article.aspx?ID=109.
• K.E. Thomas, J.L. Annest, J. Gilchrist, D.M. Bixby-Hammett, Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001-2003, Br. J. Sports Med 40(2006), 619-626.
• M.G. Yurgil, An epidemiological look at head injuries in young, female horseback riders, American Medical Equestrian Association/Safe Riders Foundation, mid-year 2004.
• K.A. Whitney, Let’s Keep Approved Helmets Fitted Properly, November 21, 2003 The Chronicle of the Horse, http://www.troxelhelmets.com/pdf/TroxelChronicle-112103.pdf..
• University of Connecticut, Cooperative Extension Program, Use your Head, Wear your Helmet, http://www.canr.uconn.edu/ansci/equine/helmet_safety/index.htm accessed April 20, 2009.
• Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development, Safety-Up on Equestrian Helmets, http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/aet12574, Accessed April 20, 2009.
• National High School Rodeo Association, 2008-2010 Rules, Bylaws, and Constitution, http://www.nhsra.com/images/2008-2010Rulebook.pdf, Accessed July 27, 2009.